A Study to Determine the Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers in Spinal Cord Injury Patients and Underlying Factors (in a Governme :: Nursing Research Project

I have done an examination venture in satisfaction of the Bachelors of Science in nursing at Rufaida College of nursing, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. The venture was, ‘A study to decide the commonness of weight ulcer in spinal line injury patients and its conceivable hidden factors in a chose Government medical clinic of New Delhi in India'. The goals of the investigation were, to decide the commonness of weight ulcer in spinal rope injury patients and discover the conceivable basic elements for the advancement of weight sore in spinal string injury patients. The calculated structure offered for the investigation dependent on the epidemiological idea of connection between the specialist, host and condition. The examination approach received for the investigation was expressive review technique. The devices for the information assortment were a perception agenda, a meeting plan and a survey. The perception agenda, used to decide the commonness of weight ulcer in spinal injury patients. The specialists utilized the meeting plan for the spinal line injury patients, and the survey for nursing staff to discover the conceivable fundamental variables. Five specialists from social insurance calling approved the apparatus. Purposive examining strategy received to choose the example. The example comprises of 54 spinal rope injury patients and 20 nursing staff from the spinal string injury unit of Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. The data gathered over a time of about fourteen days. The information broke down to discover the commonness of weight ulcer, their circulation by influenced hard noticeable quality and the phases of weight sore by registering recurrence and rate. The information gathered from spinal rope injury patients broke down under host, operator and natural factors by processing mean rates. The huge discoveries of the investigation were as per the following:- 1. There was a high predominance (66.67%), of weight ulcer in spinal string injury patients. 2. The most influenced hard noticeable quality was sacrum (44.44%) and least influenced territory were ischial tuberosity, horizontal malleolus, and toes (2.78%). 3. In the majority of the patients (47.22%), the weight ulcers were in the first stage. 4. The key components for the improvement for pressure ulcer in spinal rope injury patients were the absence of solace gadgets (96%), and insufficient medical caretaker tolerant proportion (94%). 5. As announced by the nursing staff, the sufficient medical caretaker quiet proportion (80%), was the predominant factor for the improvement for pressure ulcer in spinal string injury patients.

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky Views on the Learning Process

List of chapters Introduction Main Ideas of Piaget Main Ideas of Vygotsky Similarities and Differences Opinionated Arguments and Counter Arguments Conclusion References Introduction This paper looks to investigate the instructive speculations created by widely acclaimed scholars Piaget and Vygotsky to clarify the way toward learning. Instructive hypotheses allude to the theoretical instructive contemplations that are utilized to clarify the idea of training as a significant apparatus that guides and clarifies certain angles and ideas to people. Instructive hypotheses were initially evolved by the Greek rationalists to address the parts of learning, instructive arrangements and leadership.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Jean Piaget’ and Lev Vygotsky’ Views on the Learning Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The logicians had the principle thought of summing up informative models for adapting in this way making an assemblage o f information that would be utilized to estimate information and make obversive practices that would be utilized in instructive idea. Instructive idea, which is a significant segment of most instructive learning speculations, manages ideas of hypothesis, for example, human science, theory, basic reasoning hypotheses and brain research (Thomas, 2007, p.5). The formation of instructive hypotheses apparently was a significant advance by numerous educationists as it empowered them to decide the psychological procedures of individuals during the learning procedure. Jean Piaget and Lev Semionovich Vygotsky’s instructive hypotheses tried to clarify the mental procedures that occurred in people when learning occurred. As indicated by the two scholars, psychological improvement in instructive speculations was intended to clarify how educators utilized the subjective procedures of youngsters to configuration learning programs that would meet their instructive needs. Concerning Piagetâ €™s instructive hypothesis, the principle suspicion that shaped the structure for the hypothesis was that insight originated from activities performed by people because of interfacing with their general condition. Vygotsky then again put together his instructive hypothesis with respect to the way that the learning procedure occurred because of a progression of reflexes that would be converted into instructive contemplations. He established his hypothesis on the reason that all human conduct began from responses to upgrades that radiated from the outside condition. Vygotsky additionally saw the utilization of private discourse designs as helpful procedures that would permit kids to disguise and comprehend instructive data just as the zone of proximal advancement which permitted instructors to decide the real and potential learning capacity of a kid (Shaffer Kipp, 2010, p.293). The accompanying conversation will thusly reveal more insight into Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s instructive hypotheses. Primary Ideas of Piaget Piaget’s enthusiasm for information and instruction saw him build up the four phases hypothesis of subjective improvement that featured the different phases of realizing which occurred in people. He had the option to concoct the hypothesis in the wake of watching youngsters and their line of reasoning while taking an interest in instructive points of view. Piaget utilized standard inquiries to decide the sort of reaction youngsters had to these inquiries with the goal that he could find out their psychological procedures and line of thinking.Advertising Looking for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was generally centered around deciding the rationale and thinking that was utilized to show up at an answer as opposed to whether the kids had gotten the inquiries rights or wrong. Piaget come to the end result that mind development ordinarily bec ause of the relations in the midst of hereditary and biological factors as the learning procedure went on. From his investigation, Piaget had the option to build up the four phase scholarly improvement hypothesis that would be utilized to clarify the way toward learning and training in people (Oakley, 2004, p.14). Oakley, (2004) shows that the primary phase of Piaget’s instructive hypothesis, the sensor engine stage, manages how youngsters depend on their tactile engine aptitudes to build up their psychological faculties during learning. Insight for the most part shows itself in these youngsters when they take part in exercises that require engine abilities, for example, strolling or tangible aptitudes like contacting. Youngsters can learn in the sensorimotor stage by taking part in physical exercises that expect them to utilize their tangible engine abilities. Piaget built up this phase by watching the intellectual improvement of youngsters between the ages of zero to two ye ars of age who did not have any relational abilities and for the most part depended on their tangible and engine aptitudes to find out about their general condition. In any case, at a further developed age, the babies had the option to procure some language aptitudes that lead to the idea of item perpetual quality in this stage (Oakley, 2004, p.16). The preoperational phase of Piaget’s hypothesis managed how images were utilized by kids to find out about different instructive ideas. Established on his perceptions, Piaget had the option to verify that youngsters utilized images and imagery got from their view of the existence where they accepted that everybody thoroughly considers their activities precisely as they do. During the preoperational stage, the memory and oral language of kids created empowering them to impart and furthermore hold data. The third phase of the hypothesis that was otherwise called concrete operational stage managed how youngsters matured seven years a nd eleven years had the option to encounter some sensational change in their idea and subjective procedures (Oakley, 2004, p.18). This phase as per Piaget represented the acquaintance of intelligent prevailing upon children’s line of thought which empowered them to take part in intuition forms during their learning. The capacity of youngsters to turn around their speculation to the starting additionally showed itself during the solid operational stage. The last phase of Piaget’s instructive hypothesis was the formal operational stage which managed how grown-ups had the option to ace unique manners of thinking just as use imagery in theoretical circumstances. This stage was generally evolved to manage complex circumstances that necessary the utilization of an authority of intuition systems to show up at a reasonable answer. This last phase of Piaget’s instructive hypothesis was anyway put to test the same number of scholars contended that solitary 35% of people h ad the option to accomplish formal operational idea (Oakley, 2004, p.22).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Jean Piaget’ and Lev Vygotsky’ Views on the Learning Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main Ideas of Vygotsky The principle thought that was utilized by Vygotsky to build up his instructive hypothesis was the utilization of private discourse or conversing with oneself as a method of building up the intellectual and conduct procedures of a person. Vygotsky included the utilization of private discourse particularly in showing little youngsters since it empowered them to thoroughly consider an issue and build up an answer that would be utilized to manage the issue. He saw the utilization of private discourse as a venturing stone to proximal improvement which framed the second piece of his instructive hypothesis. Concurring Vygotsky, proximal advancement alluded to the degree of improvement that fell promptly over a pers on’s current subjective level and kids who were inside the proximal degree of improvement couldn't complete psychological procedures without anyone else (Kozulin, 2003, p.15). As indicated by Kozulin (2003), Vygotsky recommended that youngsters who were instructed inside the proximal zone of improvement would have the option to accomplish most extreme realizing where methods, for example, platform could be utilized to give help during the learning procedure. Framework as indicated by Vygotsky included utilizing clues and pieces of information gave by educators so the youngsters might shape their own way of understanding the different ideas introduced to them by their teachers. The utilization of platform was likewise intended to guarantee that the educator worked with the kid during study hall practices by giving them clarifications to questions and furthermore amending them in the occasion they got an inquiry wrong. Vygotsky’s zone of proximal improvement was in this way the primary thought that underlined his hypothesis as it decided the positive degrees of advancement of a kid during the learning and furthermore their potential advancement tied down in their critical thinking aptitudes (p.39). Similitudes and Differences Piaget and Vygotsky’s instructive speculations are both established on constructivism which is a learning and instructing approach that manages subjective procedures that outcome from mental development. Constructivism alludes to a learning procedure that happens when individuals relate data with what they definitely realize empowering them to intellectually develop new data with previously existing data. Constructivist scholars base their contentions on the way that learning is controlled by the unique situation or setting in which the thought is being educated. Constructivism likewise covers the perspectives and convictions that student’s have towards their training and the learning methodologies that are utili zed by their teachers to confer information (Davis Sumara, 2003, p.409). Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that the instructive procedure was straightforwardly influenced by the limits of psychological development that existed in the individual’s society. As indicated by their hypotheses, the intellectual improvement of people was normally dictated by the kind of social impacts that influenced their psychological advancement in their present surroundings. Piaget and Vygotsky’s

7 Top Theories on Why We Dream

7 Top Theories on Why We Dream More in Psychology Sleep and Dreaming Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is a Dream? What Purpose Do Dreams Serve? Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming Information-Processing Theories Other Theories of Dreams Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and concentrated scientific study. Chances are that you’ve often found yourself puzzling over the mysterious content of a dream, or perhaps you’ve wondered why you dream at all. 1:49 7 Theories on Why We Dream What Is a Dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts, and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. What Purpose Do Dreams Serve? So while we all dream, what do psychologists have to say about why we dream? While many theories have been proposed, no single consensus has emerged. Considering the enormous amount of time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose  while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Ernest Hoffman, director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Boston, Mass., suggested in Scientific American  (2006) that ...a possible (though certainly not proven) function of a dream to be weaving new material into the memory system in a way that both reduces emotional arousal and is adaptive in helping us cope with further trauma or stressful events. Next, let’s learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams suggested that dreams represented  unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic view of personality, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, Freud suggested that they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud wrote that dreams are ...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes. He also described two different components of dreams: manifest content and latent content. Manifest content is made up of the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream  while the latent content represents the hidden psychological meaning of the dream. Freud’s theory contributed to the popularity of dream interpretation, which remains popular today. However, research has failed to demonstrate that the manifest content disguises the real psychological significance of a dream. Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming The activation-synthesis model of dreaming was first proposed by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McClarley in 1977. According to this theory, circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep, which causes areas of the limbic system involved in emotions, sensations, and memories, including the amygdala and hippocampus, to become active. The brain synthesizes and interprets this internal activity and attempts to find meaning in these signals, which results in dreaming.  This model suggests that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. While this theory suggests that dreams are the result of internally generated signals, Hobson does not believe that dreams are meaningless. Instead, he suggests that dreaming is …our most creative conscious state, one in which the chaotic, spontaneous recombination of cognitive elements produces novel configurations of information: new ideas. While many or even most of these ideas may be nonsensical, if even a few of its fanciful products are truly useful, our dream time will not have been wasted. How Does the Activation-Synthesis Model Explain Dreams? Information-Processing Theories One of the major theories to explain why we sleep is that sleep allows us to consolidate and process all of the information that we have collected during the previous day. Some dream experts suggest that dreaming is simply a by-product or even an active part of this information-processing.  As we deal with the multitude of information and memories from the daytime, our sleeping minds create images, impressions, and narratives to manage all of the activity going on inside our heads as we slumber. Other Theories of Dreams Many other theories have been suggested to account for the occurrence and meaning of dreams. The following are just of few of the proposed ideas: One theory suggests that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep. For example, the sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream.Another theory uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams. According to this theory, dreams serve to clean up clutter from the mind, much like clean-up operations in a computer, refreshing the mind to prepare for the next day.Yet another model proposes that dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. In this theory, the dreamer is able to make connections between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.A contemporary model of dreaming combines some elements of various theories. Activating the brain creates loose connections between thoughts and ideas, which are then guided by the emotions of the dreamer. Dreams are the touchstones of our characters. - Henry David Thoreau