A Study to Determine the Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers in Spinal Cord Injury Patients and Underlying Factors (in a Governme :: Nursing Research Project

I have done an examination venture in satisfaction of the Bachelors of Science in nursing at Rufaida College of nursing, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. The venture was, ‘A study to decide the commonness of weight ulcer in spinal line injury patients and its conceivable hidden factors in a chose Government medical clinic of New Delhi in India'. The goals of the investigation were, to decide the commonness of weight ulcer in spinal rope injury patients and discover the conceivable basic elements for the advancement of weight sore in spinal string injury patients. The calculated structure offered for the investigation dependent on the epidemiological idea of connection between the specialist, host and condition. The examination approach received for the investigation was expressive review technique. The devices for the information assortment were a perception agenda, a meeting plan and a survey. The perception agenda, used to decide the commonness of weight ulcer in spinal injury patients. The specialists utilized the meeting plan for the spinal line injury patients, and the survey for nursing staff to discover the conceivable fundamental variables. Five specialists from social insurance calling approved the apparatus. Purposive examining strategy received to choose the example. The example comprises of 54 spinal rope injury patients and 20 nursing staff from the spinal string injury unit of Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. The data gathered over a time of about fourteen days. The information broke down to discover the commonness of weight ulcer, their circulation by influenced hard noticeable quality and the phases of weight sore by registering recurrence and rate. The information gathered from spinal rope injury patients broke down under host, operator and natural factors by processing mean rates. The huge discoveries of the investigation were as per the following:- 1. There was a high predominance (66.67%), of weight ulcer in spinal string injury patients. 2. The most influenced hard noticeable quality was sacrum (44.44%) and least influenced territory were ischial tuberosity, horizontal malleolus, and toes (2.78%). 3. In the majority of the patients (47.22%), the weight ulcers were in the first stage. 4. The key components for the improvement for pressure ulcer in spinal rope injury patients were the absence of solace gadgets (96%), and insufficient medical caretaker tolerant proportion (94%). 5. As announced by the nursing staff, the sufficient medical caretaker quiet proportion (80%), was the predominant factor for the improvement for pressure ulcer in spinal string injury patients.

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky Views on the Learning Process

List of chapters Introduction Main Ideas of Piaget Main Ideas of Vygotsky Similarities and Differences Opinionated Arguments and Counter Arguments Conclusion References Introduction This paper looks to investigate the instructive speculations created by widely acclaimed scholars Piaget and Vygotsky to clarify the way toward learning. Instructive hypotheses allude to the theoretical instructive contemplations that are utilized to clarify the idea of training as a significant apparatus that guides and clarifies certain angles and ideas to people. Instructive hypotheses were initially evolved by the Greek rationalists to address the parts of learning, instructive arrangements and leadership.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Jean Piaget’ and Lev Vygotsky’ Views on the Learning Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The logicians had the principle thought of summing up informative models for adapting in this way making an assemblage o f information that would be utilized to estimate information and make obversive practices that would be utilized in instructive idea. Instructive idea, which is a significant segment of most instructive learning speculations, manages ideas of hypothesis, for example, human science, theory, basic reasoning hypotheses and brain research (Thomas, 2007, p.5). The formation of instructive hypotheses apparently was a significant advance by numerous educationists as it empowered them to decide the psychological procedures of individuals during the learning procedure. Jean Piaget and Lev Semionovich Vygotsky’s instructive hypotheses tried to clarify the mental procedures that occurred in people when learning occurred. As indicated by the two scholars, psychological improvement in instructive speculations was intended to clarify how educators utilized the subjective procedures of youngsters to configuration learning programs that would meet their instructive needs. Concerning Piagetâ €™s instructive hypothesis, the principle suspicion that shaped the structure for the hypothesis was that insight originated from activities performed by people because of interfacing with their general condition. Vygotsky then again put together his instructive hypothesis with respect to the way that the learning procedure occurred because of a progression of reflexes that would be converted into instructive contemplations. He established his hypothesis on the reason that all human conduct began from responses to upgrades that radiated from the outside condition. Vygotsky additionally saw the utilization of private discourse designs as helpful procedures that would permit kids to disguise and comprehend instructive data just as the zone of proximal advancement which permitted instructors to decide the real and potential learning capacity of a kid (Shaffer Kipp, 2010, p.293). The accompanying conversation will thusly reveal more insight into Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s instructive hypotheses. Primary Ideas of Piaget Piaget’s enthusiasm for information and instruction saw him build up the four phases hypothesis of subjective improvement that featured the different phases of realizing which occurred in people. He had the option to concoct the hypothesis in the wake of watching youngsters and their line of reasoning while taking an interest in instructive points of view. Piaget utilized standard inquiries to decide the sort of reaction youngsters had to these inquiries with the goal that he could find out their psychological procedures and line of thinking.Advertising Looking for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was generally centered around deciding the rationale and thinking that was utilized to show up at an answer as opposed to whether the kids had gotten the inquiries rights or wrong. Piaget come to the end result that mind development ordinarily bec ause of the relations in the midst of hereditary and biological factors as the learning procedure went on. From his investigation, Piaget had the option to build up the four phase scholarly improvement hypothesis that would be utilized to clarify the way toward learning and training in people (Oakley, 2004, p.14). Oakley, (2004) shows that the primary phase of Piaget’s instructive hypothesis, the sensor engine stage, manages how youngsters depend on their tactile engine aptitudes to build up their psychological faculties during learning. Insight for the most part shows itself in these youngsters when they take part in exercises that require engine abilities, for example, strolling or tangible aptitudes like contacting. Youngsters can learn in the sensorimotor stage by taking part in physical exercises that expect them to utilize their tangible engine abilities. Piaget built up this phase by watching the intellectual improvement of youngsters between the ages of zero to two ye ars of age who did not have any relational abilities and for the most part depended on their tangible and engine aptitudes to find out about their general condition. In any case, at a further developed age, the babies had the option to procure some language aptitudes that lead to the idea of item perpetual quality in this stage (Oakley, 2004, p.16). The preoperational phase of Piaget’s hypothesis managed how images were utilized by kids to find out about different instructive ideas. Established on his perceptions, Piaget had the option to verify that youngsters utilized images and imagery got from their view of the existence where they accepted that everybody thoroughly considers their activities precisely as they do. During the preoperational stage, the memory and oral language of kids created empowering them to impart and furthermore hold data. The third phase of the hypothesis that was otherwise called concrete operational stage managed how youngsters matured seven years a nd eleven years had the option to encounter some sensational change in their idea and subjective procedures (Oakley, 2004, p.18). This phase as per Piaget represented the acquaintance of intelligent prevailing upon children’s line of thought which empowered them to take part in intuition forms during their learning. The capacity of youngsters to turn around their speculation to the starting additionally showed itself during the solid operational stage. The last phase of Piaget’s instructive hypothesis was the formal operational stage which managed how grown-ups had the option to ace unique manners of thinking just as use imagery in theoretical circumstances. This stage was generally evolved to manage complex circumstances that necessary the utilization of an authority of intuition systems to show up at a reasonable answer. This last phase of Piaget’s instructive hypothesis was anyway put to test the same number of scholars contended that solitary 35% of people h ad the option to accomplish formal operational idea (Oakley, 2004, p.22).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Jean Piaget’ and Lev Vygotsky’ Views on the Learning Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main Ideas of Vygotsky The principle thought that was utilized by Vygotsky to build up his instructive hypothesis was the utilization of private discourse or conversing with oneself as a method of building up the intellectual and conduct procedures of a person. Vygotsky included the utilization of private discourse particularly in showing little youngsters since it empowered them to thoroughly consider an issue and build up an answer that would be utilized to manage the issue. He saw the utilization of private discourse as a venturing stone to proximal improvement which framed the second piece of his instructive hypothesis. Concurring Vygotsky, proximal advancement alluded to the degree of improvement that fell promptly over a pers on’s current subjective level and kids who were inside the proximal degree of improvement couldn't complete psychological procedures without anyone else (Kozulin, 2003, p.15). As indicated by Kozulin (2003), Vygotsky recommended that youngsters who were instructed inside the proximal zone of improvement would have the option to accomplish most extreme realizing where methods, for example, platform could be utilized to give help during the learning procedure. Framework as indicated by Vygotsky included utilizing clues and pieces of information gave by educators so the youngsters might shape their own way of understanding the different ideas introduced to them by their teachers. The utilization of platform was likewise intended to guarantee that the educator worked with the kid during study hall practices by giving them clarifications to questions and furthermore amending them in the occasion they got an inquiry wrong. Vygotsky’s zone of proximal improvement was in this way the primary thought that underlined his hypothesis as it decided the positive degrees of advancement of a kid during the learning and furthermore their potential advancement tied down in their critical thinking aptitudes (p.39). Similitudes and Differences Piaget and Vygotsky’s instructive speculations are both established on constructivism which is a learning and instructing approach that manages subjective procedures that outcome from mental development. Constructivism alludes to a learning procedure that happens when individuals relate data with what they definitely realize empowering them to intellectually develop new data with previously existing data. Constructivist scholars base their contentions on the way that learning is controlled by the unique situation or setting in which the thought is being educated. Constructivism likewise covers the perspectives and convictions that student’s have towards their training and the learning methodologies that are utili zed by their teachers to confer information (Davis Sumara, 2003, p.409). Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that the instructive procedure was straightforwardly influenced by the limits of psychological development that existed in the individual’s society. As indicated by their hypotheses, the intellectual improvement of people was normally dictated by the kind of social impacts that influenced their psychological advancement in their present surroundings. Piaget and Vygotsky’s

7 Top Theories on Why We Dream

7 Top Theories on Why We Dream More in Psychology Sleep and Dreaming Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is a Dream? What Purpose Do Dreams Serve? Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming Information-Processing Theories Other Theories of Dreams Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and concentrated scientific study. Chances are that you’ve often found yourself puzzling over the mysterious content of a dream, or perhaps you’ve wondered why you dream at all. 1:49 7 Theories on Why We Dream What Is a Dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts, and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. What Purpose Do Dreams Serve? So while we all dream, what do psychologists have to say about why we dream? While many theories have been proposed, no single consensus has emerged. Considering the enormous amount of time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose  while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. Ernest Hoffman, director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Boston, Mass., suggested in Scientific American  (2006) that ...a possible (though certainly not proven) function of a dream to be weaving new material into the memory system in a way that both reduces emotional arousal and is adaptive in helping us cope with further trauma or stressful events. Next, let’s learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams suggested that dreams represented  unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic view of personality, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, Freud suggested that they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud wrote that dreams are ...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes. He also described two different components of dreams: manifest content and latent content. Manifest content is made up of the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream  while the latent content represents the hidden psychological meaning of the dream. Freud’s theory contributed to the popularity of dream interpretation, which remains popular today. However, research has failed to demonstrate that the manifest content disguises the real psychological significance of a dream. Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming The activation-synthesis model of dreaming was first proposed by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McClarley in 1977. According to this theory, circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep, which causes areas of the limbic system involved in emotions, sensations, and memories, including the amygdala and hippocampus, to become active. The brain synthesizes and interprets this internal activity and attempts to find meaning in these signals, which results in dreaming.  This model suggests that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. While this theory suggests that dreams are the result of internally generated signals, Hobson does not believe that dreams are meaningless. Instead, he suggests that dreaming is …our most creative conscious state, one in which the chaotic, spontaneous recombination of cognitive elements produces novel configurations of information: new ideas. While many or even most of these ideas may be nonsensical, if even a few of its fanciful products are truly useful, our dream time will not have been wasted. How Does the Activation-Synthesis Model Explain Dreams? Information-Processing Theories One of the major theories to explain why we sleep is that sleep allows us to consolidate and process all of the information that we have collected during the previous day. Some dream experts suggest that dreaming is simply a by-product or even an active part of this information-processing.  As we deal with the multitude of information and memories from the daytime, our sleeping minds create images, impressions, and narratives to manage all of the activity going on inside our heads as we slumber. Other Theories of Dreams Many other theories have been suggested to account for the occurrence and meaning of dreams. The following are just of few of the proposed ideas: One theory suggests that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep. For example, the sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream.Another theory uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams. According to this theory, dreams serve to clean up clutter from the mind, much like clean-up operations in a computer, refreshing the mind to prepare for the next day.Yet another model proposes that dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. In this theory, the dreamer is able to make connections between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.A contemporary model of dreaming combines some elements of various theories. Activating the brain creates loose connections between thoughts and ideas, which are then guided by the emotions of the dreamer. Dreams are the touchstones of our characters. - Henry David Thoreau

Terrorism and Homeland Security - 1138 Words

Terrorism and Homeland Security Answer to Question 2 Hamas was founded in 1987 and its aim was to address Palestinian quest for nation statehood and their consequent grievances (Herzog, 2006). The writer explains that the name is acronym in Arabic for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya or the Islamic Resistance Movement. The groups ideology, the writer explains was outlined in its covenant of 1998. The covenant stipulates that the land of Palestine is an Islamic endowment. It stipulates that the state of Israel should be removed by the sword. Hezbollah is regarded as an A grade team of terrorists with highly trained operatives throughout the globe (Byman, 2003). The author outlines that the organization has the open support of Syria and Iran. They are experts in terrorism as well as guerilla warfare. There is an ever changing understanding and use of the term Jihad that depends on the needs of the Muslims and the circumstances in the historical context (Heck, 2004). There are two categories in which Jihad may be inter preted. The first sense it is political and territorial and in the other interpretation it is religious. The term literally means struggle in the path of God, the writer explains. This has been interpreted to mean the struggle for the privilege of Islam over other religions. The religious text uses the term conflict in its discourses. What is often misunderstood is whether the terms refer to the conflict between good and evil or the conflict with objectsShow MoreRelatedHomeland Security And Homeland Terrorism1206 Words   |  5 PagesHomeland security can be seen as a loosely based term as it is still a relatively new area of the United States strategy. Since its creation, post September 11, 2001, there has been a plethora of additions and revisions. The homeland mission lies not only within a specific agency, but demands collected participation from U.S. agencies and foreign entities to remain strong, efficient and innovative. One can examine homeland security as having the respo nsibility of maintaining and protecting the UnitedRead MoreTerrorism And The Homeland Security1511 Words   |  7 Pages In homeland security they have many strategies to help protect the United States. Whether it is preventing a terrorist attack, or preventing a natural disaster. Homeland security has a strategy to make sure that everything works out. Now to give a brief background, President George Bush came up with the national homeland security strategy in July, 2002 after the attack of September, 11th. â€Å"The strategy set forth overall objectives to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduceRead MoreDepartment Of Homeland Security And Terrorism1517 Words   |  7 PagesDEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY The events that occurred on September 11th, 2001, changed the United States and the rest of the world. President George W. Bush declared a war on terrorism on national television, during a joint session of Congress on September 20th, 2001. The President’s words echoed the cries of this country and during his speech he went step-by-step in his explanation of the events and actions moving forward. After explaining to the nation the details of the events that occurredRead MoreTerrorism Prevention And The Homeland Security1793 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Shortly after 9/11 there was a much needed change in the concept of homeland security in America. Terrorism drastically evolved, and stapled tried and true practices that were set in place were not effective any more. These types of attack trigger an analysis that is required to close the loopholes where threats could emerge. Ideas like using a Boeing 747 as a weapon was never seen until that day. While there were security checkpoints were in place to prevent attacks at the airport, a much neededRead MoreRole Of The Department Of Homeland Security1659 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States . The creation of many anti-terrorism organizations was a clear message that this threat is beyond a single military or intelligence capacity. Our citizens demanded a strong response that would prevent any future terrorist threat. President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security as the key agency responsible for all anti-terrorism activities to protect our homeland. Government officials and law makers introduced anti-terrorism laws and measures to allow key intelligenceRead MoreTerrorism during the 9/11 Attack and Afterwards1476 Words   |  6 PagesOver the many years the earth has existed so has violence, extremely dangerous forms of violence known as terrorism are very prominent today. Terrorism has been around since separate nations were created long ago; these nations fough t over who was the strongest or who had the right viewpoint or even over who should control certain lands. Though most everyone has heard about some form of terrorist activity during their lifetime, it was brought to the forefront of every American citizen’s mind afterRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesAngela Brown Professor Miller English 112 13 Sept 2015 Terrorism Many of us will embrace our loved ones before leaving our homes to start a hectic workday. As we hug our children and kiss our spouses goodbye, the thought of losing them, or our lives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-QaedaRead MoreTerrorism And The Acts Of Terrorists867 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism and the acts of terrorists are recognized by few as a new phenomenon, but known by many to be an old phenomenon. Terrorism has existed for decades and continues to thrive today. There are many definitions that were created to define terrorism and a terrorist act; however, the definitions are not one in the same. Essentially the definitions vary, and that depends on the person or organization providing the definition. The one often used or recognized is â€Å"terrorism is the use or threat ofRead MoreAmerican National Interests: The Mission of Homeland Security1298 Words   |  5 Pageslevel are the successful war on terrorism, adequate Homeland security and the fast rising unemployment rate as an aftermath of the recession. Homeland security is entrusted with ensuring that the local population within the USA borders is all safe at all times and this includes adequate preparation for any emergency, safety of each member of the community during and after an emergency. The jurisdiction of the Homeland security is quite wide, ranging from border security, aviation safety, emergencyRead MoreHomeland Security1085 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY HOMELAND SECUIRTY Brittany Staley HLSS302: Paper #2 May 11, 2014 In the years since 9/11, homeland security has turn out to be frequently and generally identified as both a word and as a Federal department. However, a large amount has been learned since 9/11 concerning the array of further challenges we face. Hurricane Katrina strongly illustrates the general impact of weak preparedness and

Essay on Divorce - 730 Words

Broken families are on since the beginning of humanity. In fact, divorce, which has been very common in today’s societies, is the major cause that leads to family devastation. However, although, in some cases, divorce is the only solution for a family to live in peace, one must think many times before taking such decision, and that is because of many . When life becomes unbearable between a women an her husband, they may think of divorce as being a fair solution for both of them to get their â€Å"independence† and live a normal life, they may even think that it is suitable for their children. However, this is not the case , divorce may have some serious consequences that can affect the whole society . Many religions disapprove of divorce.†¦show more content†¦As declared before, divorce must remain the last decision to take by a couple, because of its dreadful consequences on the whole family. Women, for instance, undergo enormous pain as a result of divorce. In most cases, law gives divorced women custody. Consequently, they find themselves alone with their children, and hence obliged to look after them in a society where divorced women may be looked in a bad way. Besides, most of divorced women don’t have regular income, as they were financially depending on their husbands before divorce, so they have to work outside home, without neglecting their duties toward their children, and this is very difficult to accomplish especially with the sexual harassment that becomes very common. Emotionally speaking, a divorced woman feels as she was betrayed by her ex-husband .She may also start to hate all men, and this can have direct effects on the way she rises her children. It is believed that men are the least affected by divorce. However this doesn’t mean that they do not suffer at all. Indeed, men suffer financially from divorce; they are obliged to support their children as well as their ex-wives. And because before divorce the responsibility was shared by both husband and wife, divorced men cannot always afford to pay alimony, thus they may beShow MoreRelatedThe Divorce Of A Divorce941 Words   |  4 Pagesanymore. When they are unable to maintain their marriage, their solution is to choose is divorce. Divorce, is defined as, the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. In today’s society, divorce is more normal than ever before due to unhappy marriages. The effects of the divorce are emotional effects, financial problems, and direction to an improved lifestyle. When it comes to divorce there s so many emotions that are being effected in the situation such as depression, happinessRead MoreDivorce : The Divorce Rate1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe divorce rate, while fluctuating over time, has reached high percentages lately. As Coltrane and Adams posit, the high divorce rates are due in part to the fact that the expectations of marriage are high in high esteem. When it does not work out, people are anxious to try again to find the perfect partner. Divorce is what allows people that opportunity (Coltrane and Adams p. 201). However, the intricacies of divorce are complicated. Much of the conversation of divorce is focused on fault andRead MoreDivorce And The Divorce Process1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe subject of divorce, it became very apparent that the stressors leading up to divorce, the entire legal process, adjusting to life afterward and everything in between, left little more than devastation in its wake. By and large, divorce is incred ibly taxing on several fronts. We will discuss the emotional ramifications of divorce for spouses and children, what environmental factors contribute strongest to the dissolution of marriage, what percentage of marriages end in divorce, and the estimationRead MoreThe Divorce Rate Of Divorce1123 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship, therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages, and 60% of second marriages, will end in divorce. Divorce has always been present in AmericanRead MoreThe Issue Of Divorce And Divorce Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesIt is common gossip that half of marriages end in divorce. But this gossip is more true t han most would assume. One in every one hundred marriages in North Carolina as well as a genuine half of marriages across the United States end in divorce and, according to Jennifer Lansford, â€Å"50% of American children will experience their parents’ divorce† (140). This rate of separation is essentially a heads-or-tails on marriages to determine whether or not they will work out and if a child will be affectedRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Divorce2098 Words   |  9 PagesThe memories of divorce have never been more sorrowful to any age group than the children of divorced parents. Although a couple’s marriage vows usually include the phrase â€Å"till death do us part,† about half of all marriages end up in divorce (â€Å"Divorce†). The reasons for divorce could be very simple as well as they could be complex. Some reasons for divorce are adultery, simple arrogance, dishonesty, insecurity, domestic and sexual abuses. In some situation d ivorce may provide relief from theRead MoreThe Divorce Cycle : The Children Of Divorce986 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the topic: consequences in divorce. Being a child of divorced parents is something I have always thought about and how it will effect me later in life with my relationships. I wonder if I am more likely to have a divorce as well because my parents had one. I have found a couple articles that talk about this topic one titled, Understanding the Divorce Cycle: The Children of Divorce in their own Marriages and the another titled, Effects of Parental Divorce on Marital Commitment and ConfidenceRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. On average, 50% of children who are born with married parents, will experience divorce before the age of 18 (Children and Divorce Baucom, 2010-2017). Along with divorce statistics, 40% of children in America are raisedRead MoreDivorce Rate And Divorce Rates1224 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce rate also known as divorce demography, which is the study of demographic factors that impact divorced as a social phenomenon, the divorce demography can clearly evaluate and reflect the marriage stability and happiness index of certain countries or area and that is the reason why data statistics of divorce rate is important. According to ONS (Office of National Statistics), the divorce rate has not been that low since 1974, when it was 0.9%. The number of divorces in 2014 was declined toRead MoreDivorce Effect On Children : Divorce1825 Words   |  8 PagesApril, 2016 Divorce Effect on Children Divorce seems to become more and more common nowadays. Divorce can be a simple or complicated process depending if children are involved. This process can have negative and positive effects in a child s life. A divorce is the legal process of a marriage coming apart. A divorce with children involve cost more and takes about eleven months for the marriage to end. The majority of the divorces happening in the United States involve children. Divorce has different

Nestle MArketing Free Essays

Demographic External factor More the education more will be the awareness about brand and quality food. If the income level of people is high then purchasing power will be high so they willpurchase more. Nestle products are made for people belonging from all age groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle MArketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both male/ female are included equally in its target market. Economic environment If the inflation rate is high then there will be decrease in purchasing power. so inflation indirectly affects the company’s sale. Nation varies greatly in its level and distribution of income. Changes in major economic variables such as income, cost of living, interest rate andsavings have a large impact on the market place. Political environment Government regulations to protect interest of society and from unfair business practices. Unstable political conditions. Law order situation getting worse. Legal environment Registered in the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Social/cultural environment Consumption behavior of Pakistani people is high so they consume more goods. As Pakistan is Muslim country so we cannot add any ingredient which is prohibited in Islam or which is not †Halall. As nestle water is the branded item so the people who are brand conscious will prefer touse nestle water . so nestle is focusing more on the posh areas. Technological environment Technological environment is changing rapidly. Most dramatic force shaping company’s offerings and the way product is marketed . Company’s must keep up with technological changes to match up with its environment. Internal Environment In Nestle Internal environment ensures. Employees are on side with the goals of an organization. They have direct impact on product quality,dependability and overall productivity. They are internal market, which impact everydepartment within an organization; asatisfied internalmarket will be better able to satisfy external market. Nestle under the supervision of top management runs thedepartments of finance,operations, accounting, sales andmarketing, research and development organization. Micro Environment In Nestle microenvironment includes: a)S up pliers: to acn leve thegoalsot Suppliers provide the resources like labor and material resources to produce goods and services. They add to customer overall value delivery system. Labor supplies include handling of Quantity of labor Quality of labor Labor strikes Labor relations Material supplies deals with the: Quality of material Price of material Stability of material inputs Delivery delays Nestle efficiently handles the quality, quantity, price and stability of both material and laborsupplies. Management maps out the strategies for labor strikes, supply short age sand delays toavoid increasing the cost of production, which can badly affect sales in short run and customersatisfaction in long run. Marketing Intermediaries: It includes the firms that help the company to promote, sell and distribute its goods toflnal buyers. The physical distribution firms determine the ways to store and ship goods to reach theirdestination. Marketing service agencies including marketing research firms, advertising agencies andmedia firmsare also hired to target and promote product to right market. Financial intermediaries li ke banks, insurance companies helps to finance transactionsand insureagainst risks associated with buying and selling of goods. Nestle works in coordination with marketing intermediaries to make its product Pure Lifewater available and visible to its valuable customers. c)C us tome r s: Nestle deals with the reseller customers who buy the product Pure Life to resell at a reasonableprofit. Macro Environment Macro environment include political, cultural, economical factors but as for as Nestle Pure Lifewater is concern none of above factors affect on it. Because it is not at luxury item they areselling necessities of life which can never be affected. How to cite Nestle MArketing, Papers Nestle Marketing Free Essays string(103) " acceptance of newer products and thus driven sales for foods like ready meals, pasta and frozen food\." Nestle in China Research Report 1. objective Our objective is to provide good-tasting foods and beverages, as well as services, bring nutrition, health and wellness to Chinese consumers. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now description of the company’s Nestle is the largest consumer packaged goods’ company in the world, founded and headquartered in Switzerland. Nestle originated in a 1905 merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, which was established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and the Farine Lactee Henri Nestle Company, which was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle.The company grew significantly during the First World War and following the Second World War, eventually expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. Today, the company operates in 86 countries around the world and employs nearly 283,000 people. Nestle Company had started off from a single man’s idea, and developed into a giant corporation. In 1866 Henri Nestle, a pharmacist, developed a milk food formula for infants who were unable to tolerate their mother milk (Nestle. com). His product became a success, and it created a demand throughout Europe.As Nestle’s popularity grew more businesses wanted to merge and become partners with Henri Nestle’s business. From 1866 to 1947 the Nestle Company had gone through several name changes. In 1905, Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle merged, and the company’s name became Nestle ; Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. Then in 1929, Peter-Cailler-Kohler Chocolats Suisses S. A. merged with the company. The name was then changed to Nestle ; Anglo-Swiss Holding Co. Ltd, on November 27, 1936. In December 1947, Co. acquired all the shares capital of the Alimentana S. A.Company in exchange for fifteen Nestle shares and fifteen Unilac shares for each of Alimentana S. A. share, so this point the name was at Nestle Alimentana S. A. And then finally, the last name change that the company would endure was in 1977, where it adopted the name Nestle SA (Mergent Online). Along the way Nestle’s company remain successful, which allowed them expand to new region and territories throughout the world, making them the world’s biggest food and beverage company. Nestle’s headquarters are located in Vevey, Switzerland, but the Nestle Company has factories or operation in almost ever country in the orld. Since the Nestle case was published in 1998, it stated that Nestle had employed 230,000 people worldwide, with $71. 7 billion in sales (Rodgers, 2000).Now moving forward to 2003, Nestle has increased the amount of employees to 253,000 people, with $88 billion in sales (Nestle. com). Nestle is increasing the size of their company year by year. In addition, to the increase in the size of the Nestle Company; Nestle also has increased the variety in the different products they offer. In Nestle’s business strategy they encourage product growth through innovation and renovation (Nestle. om). This strategy has allowed Nestle to develop many different products in the various fields: baby foods, dairy products, breakfast cereals, ice creams, chocolates and confectionery, prepared foods, beverages, food services, bottled water, and pet care. This brings us to the main focus of our case analysis, the dairy division, and the yogurt product LC1 that lies within that division. Products Introduction Drinks The NESCAFE selection of coffees gives you a wide range of choice, from our cafe style cappuccinos, lattes and mochas, to the rich coffee experience of NESCAFE Gold Blend.We also offer a range of milk drinks that includes Nesquik, Aero and Skinny Cow Hot Chocolate. Nestle also provides a wide range of pure, safe and convenient bottled waters of high quality to meet the increasing and varied needs of consumers around the world. Confectionery Have you ever wondered how chocolate is made? Or how some of the most famous chocolate products started? This section provides lots of inf ormation about confectionery, including details across our whole range of products, from the famous, Kit Kat, to our range of chocolate bars and sweets, biscuits, cereal bars and sugar confectionery.We also tell you about the history of chocolate and how chocolate is made, and take a closer look at packaging and preserving. Cookies ; Cakes Nestle Rowntree produces a range of superb cakes based around some of our most famous confectionery ranges. You will be sure to find one that becomes your favorite†¦ Here we give you just a little â€Å"taster† of what these cakes are all about, but it really is no substitute for trying one for yourself! Ice Cream With an awesome selection of treats, all free from artificial colors and flavors, it’s no wonder Nestle Ice Creams are some of the UK’s best–loved.If its fun treats for the kids you’re after, a lip–smacking FAB, Nobbly Bobbly or Toffee Crumble are guaranteed to do the trick, while creamy Smarties, Milkybar, After Eight and Rolo prove all–round family favorites. 3. SWOT analysis PEST Analysis:A scan of the external macro-environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms of the following factors: Political/Economic/Social/Technological. The acronym PEST is used to describe a framework for the analysis of these macro environmental factors. (John, 1965) (1)Political analysisChina’s top legislature approved the Food Safety Law, providing a legal basis for the government to strengthen food safety control â€Å"from the production line to the dining table. † The law, which goes into effect on June 1, 2009, will enhance monitoring and supervision, toughen-up safety standards, recall substandard products and severely punish offenders. (2)Economic analysis Total volume sales of coffee grow by 10% in 2009 to reach over 33,000 tones. The global decline in production increases the purchase of local coffee beans in China in 2009. Fresh coffee beans records the highest total volume growth of 11% in 2009. The average unit price decreases slightly in current value terms in 2009. Nestle (China) Ltd leads with a 68% share of retail value sales in 2009. Over the forecast period, sales are expected to grow by an 8% total volume CAGR. (3)Social analysis Changing lifestyles and growing urbanization in larger cities have brought in wider acceptance of newer products and thus driven sales for foods like ready meals, pasta and frozen food. You read "Nestle Marketing" in category "Papers" Trade sources estimate that per capita coffee consumption has reached around three cups in China. (4)Technology analysis Between 2008 and 2009, the number of Chinese online shoppers grew 45. percent to 108 million, and online sales nearly doubled to ? 250 billion ($36. 6 billion). About 90 percent of total online sales were consumer-to-consumer transactions, though the business-to-consumer model has also been successful in China’s e-commerce market. The PRC government strongly supports the development of e-commerce in the retail sector and aims to have online shopping sales account for more than 5 percent of China’s total retail sales by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Internal analysis Core competencies are those capabilities that are critical to a business achieving competitive advantage.The starting point for analyzing core competencies is recognizing that competition between businesses is as much a race for competence mastery as it is for market position and market power. Senior management cannot focus on all activities of a business and the competencies required undertaking them. So the goal is for management to focus attention on competencies that really affect competitive advantage. To better understand the activities th rough which a firm develops a competitive advantage and creates shareholder value, it is useful to separate the business system into a series of value-generating activities referred to as the value chain. In his 1985 book Competitive Advantage, Michael Porter introduced a generic value chain model that comprises a sequence of activities found to be common to a wide range of firms. The goal of these activities is to offer the customer a level of value that exceeds the cost of the activities, thereby resulting in a profit margin. Nestle (China) Ltd retained its number one position in coffee with a 68% share of retail value sales in 2009, followed by Guangzhou Kraft. Nescafe is also ranked number one in RTD coffee in China.The brand’s long-lasting success in coffee in China can be attributed to aggressive marketing, innovations and constant adjustments to development strategies in order to meet changing market conditions. 1? Nestle has a national coverage in China. Most of its products have entered Chinese households. However, with household incomes rising in more rural areas, the company will enhance its efforts in second- and third-tier cities, although the process will be very slow. 2? Trade source indicated that 98% of Nestle’s products sold on Mainland China are locally manufactured, except for pharmaceutical products.Since its first investment in China 20 years ago, Nestle (China) Ltd has created 19 affiliates and production bases in Guangdong, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Beijing and Sichuan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hong Kong, China etc. Trade sources report that the company’s coffee plants in Yunnan province total around 670 hectares, which ensures the stable supply of coffee beans. 3? Nestle continued to dominate coffee in China with a 68% share of retail volume and value sales in 2009. The first mover advantage has seen Nescafe become almost synonymous with instant coffee in China and the company has a large loyal consumer base.Moreover, Nestle has a n experienced marketing team and its advertising slogan â€Å"The Taste Is Great† is well-known among consumers. 4. Nestle has more than 80,000 coffee bean suppliers and farm households in Yunnan province to guarantee supplies. 5. As the leading player in coffee in China, Nestle has invested millions of US dollars to innovate its products. The two RD centers in Beijing and Shanghai are used to carry out market research. Nestle will also endeavor to research flavored coffee, with a view to stimulate the maturing demand for coffee in urban areas.SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. (Albert, 1960) Strengths 1)Globally recognized as one of the largest and powerful food producers, covering almost every country (factories and plants). Employs approximately 280,000 people globally. )Globally, biggest ice-cream producer, having a market share of approximately 25%. 3)It has a vastly diversified product portfolio containing approximately 6000 brands (beverages, ice creams, frozen food items, chocolates and biscuits, pet care nutrition items, etc. ) †¢ It has established joint ventures with giants like Coca Cola, General Mills and L’Oreal that are helpful in providing knowledge on different technological aspects. 4)Strong RD Nestle Research is a dynamic global network of 29 Nestle centres of excellence in reasearch and product development. Its scope and reach are global. They have the world’s largest food and nutrition research organization, with about 5000 people working in RD, as well as corporate venture funds and research partnerships with business partners and universities. Nestle scientists in each market ensure that global RD is applied locally to meet different consumer needs and preferences. PTC(Product Technology Centres), each aligned with particular Nestle businesses to provide expertise for specific product categories, and together forming a hub for global product and process development.RD centres working in close collaboration with the PTC to meet regional RD requirements and provide input to local application groups. Application Groups, these are located in Nestle factories and ensure that products comply with local taste preference. They also work closely with the RDcentres and the PTCs to test scientific applications as close to the end consumer as possible. 5)innovation †¢ Strong internal growth and emphasis on innovation internally. †¢ Strong cultural environment, that acts as a loyalty carrier for the employees. CEO, Peter Brabeck.Brabeck emphasizes internal growth, meaning he wants to achieve higher volumes by renovating existing products, and innovating new products. His explanation of renovation is that â€Å"to just keep pace in the industry, you need to change at least as fast as consumer expectations. †(Hitt, 2005) And his explanation of innovation is â€Å"to maintain a leadership position, you also need to leapfrog, to move faster and go beyond what consumers will tell you. † Brabeck has led Nestle into a position to better achieve the internal growth targets with his. Another strength that Nestle has is that they are low cost operators. This allows them to not only beat the competition by producing low cost products, but by also edging ahead with low operating costs. 6)Wide rage of products Nestle provides quality brands and products and line extensions that are well-known, top-selling brands including: Lean Cuisine, Yoplait, Maggi, Dryer’s/Edy’s, Haagen-Dazs, Stouffer’s, Boost, Dibs, Hot Pockets. Chocolate and Candy: Kit Kat, Toll House, Butterfinger, Baby Ruth, Crunch Bar, the Willy Wonka Candy line.Pet Products: Purina, Alpo, Cat Chow, Fancy Feast, Friskies, Tidy Cat. Drinks: Carnation, Perrier, Nesquik, S. Pellegrino, Nescafe, CoffeeMate, Taster’s Choice, Juicy Juice 7)Strong brand image †¢ Powerful marketer, and never seizes any opportunity to embed the brand image in the mind of the consumer. The quality of the Nestle products embeds an element of trust in the mind of the consumer that makes Nestle one of the powerful brands to be followed. †¢ Consistently ranked as largest bottled water corporation that operates in an environmental friendly manner. Top 50 list of Fortune’s ‘America’s Most Admired Food Companies’, and ranked on top on Consumer Food Products. †¢ The name Nestle also visualizes the high standard and quality of the product. †¢ Nestle has taken a visionary step as being one of the many companies that represent and encourage globalization that has also become an identity for its logo. 8)High customer loyalty †¢ Customer base loyalty for Nestle is very vast and powerful. †¢ Quality is a vital element regarding nestle products. †¢ Powerful brand positioning in the consumers mind. †¢ Largest consumer products organization that operates globally. It also sells professional brands to different customers such as colleges, hotels, restaurants etc. †¢ Produces low cost products that give them an edge to their competitors. It also has low operating costs. †¢ The decentralized culture in the organization encourages employees. †¢ It has a dynamic and innovative approach when it comes to new trends regarding the technology. Weaknesses 1. Limited presence in organic foods market †¢ Hovering over the stats of 2008, the food industry grew 8. 9% but Nestle lacked the potential to raise their sales in the organic food division that lay flat. . Unwillingness to divest weaker brands Regulators like FDA and AMA (American Medical Association) are pressing on the firm for removing tags that hold no ground such as ‘low cholesterol’ or ‘heart healthy’. Parents have also reported diabetic epidemic due to the consumption of such goods, in children especially. Promoting infant milk products comparing to breastfeeding. Slaves in African countries that are working under it. It holds up a negative effect regarding the whole brand. 3. Lack in retail presence †¢ Retailers do not get to set high margins to indulge more in sales. Logistics cost is quite high. 4. Didn’t promote fully their new product †¢ Many products are not understandable in different countries. It did not make much of an impact in France with their LC-1 (food commodity). †¢ Coordination between country specific plants with the Center, due to which some plants are running exceptionally smooth while operations in other countries lack effectiveness. †¢ Transportation as well as storage (proper warehousing) problems. †¢ Supply Chain having a complex stature (India plant transitional traceability). The immense diversification portfolio of the firm makes it impossible to run every division smoothly. †¢ Russia being an unstable market for Nestle which cuts a big chunk from Nestle’s bite. †¢ It is also perceived that Nestle puts profit first. Opportunities 1. Transition to a â€Å"nutrition and well-being† company †¢ Due to the high intensity of the health conscious awareness in the society, more health based products are required especially with incompromisable quality. †¢ Can go into the anti-allergy products that are very common, such as peanut free or gluten free products. They can also invest in snacks that would further diversify its product portfolio. †¢ Provide incentives to the retailers to increase sales volume. 2. Fair Trade agreements for cocoa and other products produced in third world countries †¢ Open cafes that would exclusively provide Nestle products. †¢ LC-1 having the opportunity of having a greater impact in Germany (2 years had them go for 60% of the market share), and being the established market leader, they can establish more brands in the market. 3. Growth in international ; emerging markets Middle class share in most of the economies are growing much larger. †¢ Nestle India may hold the position of being the export hub due to the low cost of labor comparatively to developed countries. †¢ In Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh; consumers are mostly price conscious rather than health conscious. Nestle has an opportunity to have extensive strategies implemented to gain the market in such countries. †¢ Developing countries have a higher rate of GDP than those of developing countries, Nestle should enter in such markets as well. Recession has created such an impact that the market is struggling and has almost got out of that recession that will surely increase the cycle of cash flow which will be profitable for Nestle to cash in on such a time. Threat 1)FDA regulations †¢ Contamination of products should be regarded strictly (Cookie Dough, March 2009). The company has a not so pretty history with the FDA. Pet Food contamination 2007 (imported from China, the vegetables contained rat poison).They were affected by the pet food recall in 2007, in which 95 different brands of dog and cat food were recalled due to contamination with rat poison. Also in 2007, FDA learned that certain pet foods were sickening and killing cats and dogs. FDA found contaminants in vegetable proteins imported into the United States from China and used as ingredients in pet food. 2)Some markets they are entering are already mature. Danone had an established leadership position in the yogurt market in France. Since Danone was the first to arrive in the market, they have always been the market leader there.Also consumers in France liked the taste of LC-1, but researchers believe they did not repurchase the yogurt because they preferred the taste of Danone products better 3)Inflation rise is giving birth to high prices. Raw chocolate prices are jumping, along with the Dairy costs; which leaves heavy cuts in the margin in order to make the customers brand loyal. They have also shrink the packaging which is not really noticeable, so the customers are paying the same amount for a lesser product. 4)fierce competition Competitors like Cadbury Schweppes, Hershey’s, Quaker, Heinz, Del Monte, Kellogg’s, and Kraft Foods are also well established. It’s a tough market with a tougher competition for gaining market share. †¢ Market is quite mature and the competitors specialize in a certain product that can hit hard on Nestle. (Yogurt Market US: General Mills) †¢ In the Indian market, fresh food is preferred than ready-to-eat meals. †¢ In still developing countries as well as underdeveloped countries, Nestle will face a large competition in market both domestic and unorganized sectors. †¢ Poverty sector in developing countries is also a lacking that must be watched over for. Malnutrition and obesity are yet another burden faced by the developing countries. The competitor’s analysis †¢Kraft Foods —–coffee and chocolate †¢Unilever —–ice cream †¢Mengniu —–milk and ice cream †¢Yili —–milk and ice cream Unilever Within the industry of ice cream, there are many players in the market. The most dominant brand name players inside China is Unilever. Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Competitive forms: desire competitor, strategy competitor †¢Target market: promising target market, Great Ability in Production †¢Competitive strategies: product differentiation strategy †¢Market behavior reaction: selection competitor Kraft Foods Kraft Foods Inc. is the largest confectionery, food, and beverage corporation It markets many brands in more than 155 countries. 11 of its brands annually earn more than $1 Billion worldwide: Kraft, Cadbury, Oscar Mayer, Maxwell House,Cream Cheese, 40 of its brands are at least 100 years old. †¢Competitive forms: common competitor, brand competitor Target market: youngster †¢Competitive strategies: product differentiation strategy and improve design low cost strategy †¢Mar ket behavior reaction: irregular competitor Mengniu Dairy Mengniu Dairy is a manufacturing and distribution company of dairy products and ice cream in China. In July 2009, it sold a 20% stake to a consortium led by state-owned China National Oils, Foodstuffs and Cereals Corp, China’s largest importer and exporter of food. That sale made the state the single largest shareholder †¢Competitive forms: product form competitor †¢Target market: milk products market Competitive strategies: simplify products low cost strategy and region concentration strategy †¢Market behavior reaction: irregular competitor Yili Group Yili Group is a privately-owned company of dairy industry in China. It is engaged in processing and manufacturing of milk products, including ice-cream, milk powder, milk tea powder, sterilized milk and fresh milk. †¢Competitive forms: product form competitor †¢Target market: milk products market †¢Competitive strategies: simplify products low cost strategy and region concentration strategy †¢Market behavior reaction: irregular competitorEvaluate the SWOT analysis: Our problem 1. Problem from New Entrants. Multinational brands dominated the coffee category as it is not a traditional Chinese hot drink. The leading multinational brands, Nescafe and Maxwell House, accounted for an 83% share of retail value sales in 2009. However, trade sources indicate that domestic coffee bean suppliers are also trying to launch their own instant coffee brands, which might endanger the coffee bean supply to these players. 2. Problem from Power of Suppliers.In 2008, Yunnan Dehong Hougu Coffee Co Ltd, Asia’s largest coffee bean supplier to Nestle SA, announced that it would promote its own coffee brand throughout China, and gradually stop providing coffee beans to Nestle. The company has supplied coffee beans to the Swiss food giant for more than a decade. However, Nestle believes Yunnan Dehong Hougu ‘s move will not have a major impact on its business because it has more than 80,000 coffee bean suppliers and farm households in Yunnan province to guarantee supplies. 3.Problem from Power of Buyers. Nestle continued to dominate coffee in China with a 68% share of retail volume and value sales in 2009. The first mover advantage has seen Nescafe become almost synonymous with instant coffee in China and the company has a large loyal consumer base. So the power of buyers is little. 4. Problem from Availability of Substitutes. Chinese consumers are starting to appreciate better tasting coffee in a pleasant environment. This is reflected in the boom in multinational chained specialist coffee shops in China. Therefore, fresh coffee and standard instant coffee packed in glass bottles will become more popular in the forecast period. These coffee products are believed to offer a better taste than 2-in-1 or 3-in-1 instant coffee, and are therefore considered more suitable for more sophisticated consumers, instead of entry-level coffee drinkers. Coffee machines are generally available in hypermarkets and shopping malls, with prices ranging from as low as RMB100 per unit to over RMB1000 per unit. Thus, most households can afford a coffee machine.This will affect Nestle a lot. 5. Problem from Competitive Rivalry. The dairy industry is one of China’s key industries in the food manufacturing sector. In recent years the annual average growth rate of the dairy industry has exceeded 20 percent, and there are over 700 large-scale dairy manufacturing enterprises around China (People’s Daily, 2009)Nestle (China) Ltd retained its number one position in coffee with a 68% share of retail value sales in 2009, followed by Guangzhou Kraft. Nescafe is also ranked number one in RTD coffee in China. 4.Customer Market Nestle is world famous for its instant coffee and chocolate bar. Description of the consumer market The target consumer of Nescafe are those stay-at-school students and salaried person who are young ,enthusiastic ,energetic and fashion . They have strong entrepreneur spirit ,on the other hand ,they have to face a lot stress and continuous challenges. They pursue fashionable, delicious drink and need energizing drink to refresh them. Segmentation of the market 1. Consumer behavior segmentation: Consumption motivation 2. Consumer segmentation he masses:They aged from 25 to 35 , do not want to be style leaders and have low loyalty towards a brand ,and ads have little influence on them . Conservatives: The majority of them are between 35 and 45 years old . They are not concerned with romance or fashion. Youthful type: from 18 to 35 years old . They have a taste for ads and pay attention to fashion trend, and would like to be with special style. 3. Attitude of consumer Think Nescafe has a famous brand and is reliable (55. 89%) Like the special design of the outlook (8. 33%) Have a high cost performance(8. 3%) Drink to refresh (28 . 67%) Just an incidence to choose Nescafe (2. 78%) From above we can target our customers as salaried person who are young and energetic ,between 18 and 30 years old . They choose our coffee for the good taste, the relief image , the fashion style, its function to refresh ,its convenience to drink and also the famous brand of Nestle is attractive Through the world, chocolate and confectionery has always been one of the most favorable food among people . In fact, enjoying chocolate and confectionery one of the biggest joy in one’s life.Male, female, old and young can not resist its tempters taste. Almost in every country ,Nestle is a nick name of chocolate and confectionery ,and as one of the biggest producers, Nestle sticks to its tradition to innovate, for the sake of happiness and entertainment of people world wide . So the target market are all the people who seek for happiness and joy . Almost everyone likes chocolate and confectionery, so our target is to produce favorable chocolate and confectionery with different taste to appeal to different people . Factors affect consumptionCulture—–Nestle is famous for its slogan â€Å"good food ,good life† Brand value —–Nestle is a world famous brand with more 47. 7 billion dollars revenue each year Psychograph—–Nestle create a image of warmness and leisure and healthy Quality—–Nestle provides a wide range of tasteful products and their raw material is chosen carefully chosen. Currently there are Starbucks, Alpenliebe and Dove as the competitors of coffee confectionery and chocolate respectively. They are all very successful and customers like them a lot .But they are very unitary and what we look for is different from them . We combine all of them together ,and get consumer’s affection. 5. Marketing Mix strategy The content of the marketing mix refers to the marketing mix some of the factors must be considered 4ps: product, price, place and promotion. In 1987, the Swiss Nestle Coffee entered the Chinese market is a successful combination. Their marketing mix strategy is: (1) Product strategy â€Å"Nestle† Through the investigation found that influence people to buy the main factor is the taste of coffee.The taste of International coffee mainly including bitter tastes of British coffee, both bitter and sour tastes of the United States coffee, and mild tastes of Japanese coffee. (2) Pricing strategy. In the U. S. market, â€Å"Nestle† is a famous brand, while in the mainland of China, its competitor– Maxwell House coffee is an inferior brand, the difference price between them is nearly 30%. Is in the mainland of China still maintain this price differential? The company decided to maintain this price differential, meanwhile, cooperate it with the corresponding promotion strategy. (3) Location strategy.In order to show the quality of products, â€Å"Nestle† products are only available offer to the mid-grade shops, not small ones. Through above marketing strategies, â€Å"Nestle† quickly entered the China market and achieved a great success. (4) Sales Promotion. â€Å"Nestle† choose Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai as close, make use of local television advertising in the stations while broadcast advertisements on China Central Television, through centralized, unified, distinctive and intensive publication, transmit the good image of the â€Å"Nestle† coff ee, which is â€Å"tastes very well† to all the people. In the business promotion,† Nestle â€Å"is not use the strategies which commonly used by European and American countries such as discounts, price cuts, etc. we use some more welcome strategies for consumers of the mainland of China, that is, buy one get one free, buy a coffee get one partner and other forms. 6. Analysis the marketing mix strategies (1) Products and brands a. Product innovation. Nestle is a positive product innovator. It is the first in Asia to employ local expertise in food technology experts is the family chef cooking restaurant. And then improve it to the level of mass production.Meanwhile, the company training them in 2 to 3 years let them communicate with other institutions of Nestle. b. The quality of strategy and productivity. Products, once launched, the company is committed to improving the long-term unremitting, to improve product quality. For example, Asians began to tend to the natural aversion but man-made sauces and spices, so the company would not hesitate to spend 25% of research budget to develop such fermentation by biological processes, such as meat extract spices. The company has manufacturing aspects of the skill, effort to maintain its cost the lowest in the industry. . Product line extensions. Nestle, the production of different specifications, different forms of the different brands to meet consumer preferences. This allows Nestle brands on the shelves occupy more space, which will effectively prevent the invasion of competitors. d. Multi-brand strategy. Nestle believes that a carefully planned brand will benefit the company for life. In each market, the Nestle brand to be its strategic portfolio of 11 brands in 8000 2 to 3 selected brands. This is to reduce risk and focus on attack power. (2) Sales channels to establish good relations of cooperation.Nestle believes trading partners in Asia, are important factor in success. Therefore, it has always been a close relationship with them. Nestle in Japan, the first to use the sales network marketing activities, with the local wholesale and retail system is fully integrated. At the same time promotional activities also transferred certain sales channels and distributors to organize. In Thailand, the local supermarket in order to build strong relationships, Nestle, to provide them with the latest inventory management system, and teach them how to use. (3) Communication and promotion mix a. Target communication.For example, when entering the Japanese market Nestle Coffee, tea drinking habits for the elderly, the situation of deep-rooted traditional concepts, the taste of Nestle coffee flavor strongly molded into the image of Japan, Japan’s traditional cultural expressions taste of coffee; for the young generation of Japanese, Nestle companies deliberately create an atmosphere of joy, to trendy, fashion, sensibility and love for the performance of the theme, so that they feel Nescafe transnational spirit of the times; for mature, stable, successful career and social status of middle-aged, the Coffee with a gold medal to advertise to them, suggesting that successful people should be the gold medal match of coffee, only commensurate with their status. Althoug h the three different classes and ages to communicate using the target strategy, but Nestle brand in its shape, and has shown a consistent feature, it is â€Å"high-grade style, modern drinks. † b. A lot of advertising. In creating strong brand awareness and consumer preference, the Nestle never begrudge spending money. This allows the company quickly gained a high market share. For example, in Korea, Nestle won only 7 years to 35% market share, beating the Kraft (Kraft) General Foods has long dominance. This depends mainly on large-scale advertising campaign. c. With aggressive sales people. Nestle has a high level of sales force, their proficiency in English, college graduates (or even MBA), to effectively secure shelf space, and with retail customers in the field shows and promotions. In Thailand, they were known as the â€Å"red-hot sales Commando† nickname. 7. Product Statement Product classes Nutrition, Health and Wellness is Nestle’s strategic direction.We want you to be able to make healthy choices about your food and beverages. We also believe that good food sometimes means treating yourself! We aim to make your life more pleasurable because our products not only taste better; but they are also more nutritious. Here we have listed some of the local sites that will provide you good local information about Nutrition, Health and Wellness. Product depth Product widthCoffeeNescafe Cappuccino, Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Decaff Breakfast CerealsCheerios, Cini Minis, Cookie Crisp Ice CreamExtreme, Drumstick, Haagen-Dazs Chocolate ConfectionerySmarties, Aero, Butterfinger ?Coffee Treat yourself to the smooth, creamy flavor and rich, milky froth of Nescafe Cappuccino. Enjoy also our different flavored cappuccinos such as Vanilla, Hazelnut or Caramel Cappuccino. ?Ice Cream A carefully constructed balance of diverse tastes, textures and colors, culminating in an intense chocolate tip ? Breakfast Cereals With cool swirls on every piece, Cini Minis breakfast cereal has a delicious cinnamon taste that you can see! Made with the goodness of whole grain, Cini Minis breakfast cereal provides eight essential minerals. ?Chocolate Confectionery Nestle Confectionery delights consumer’s everyday and brings happiness to people all over the world. It represents the perfect treat to be enjoyed as part of a well balanced diet and an active lifestyle. 1. 12 The PackagingWe offer a range of paper coffee cups / hot drink cups ideal for coffee houses and cafes. In a range of sizes from 4 to 16oz and in two stylish designs including an insulated weave-wrap design to keep hands from being burnt. We also offer the domed sip-thru lids to fit the 8, 12 and 16oz cups as well as the insulating sleeves for the single walled cups. We offer a range of paper bags in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Positioning Statement Our target market is the driver who goes to the gas station, so we choose the nearest place to it as our location. The concrete reasons are: ? Drivers, who have kept driving for a long time is surely to be tired. And as we all know, one of Coffee’s effect is eliminating fatigued.It can also improve short-term memory and speeds up reaction times by acting on the brain’s prefrontal cortex. ?Drivers also supposed to be hungry. Those shops that attract people who are in a hurry or just stop at the shop to buy a single item, like a chocolate bar or a drink is our expouecting ones. We are planning to place our products on a good place on the shelf so people going into the shop can pick a chocolate bar that stands out instead of the one at the back of the shelf, it saves so much time. Since food are hot and ready when you come to pick it up. For those drives that are willing to leave at once, this will tend to be an option to choose more often than not. As for the motorway service shops, they can even afford to charge a lot for coffee and other kinds of products because if people really want these food they can’t shop around very easily for a cheaper food shop because there aren’t very many shops on the motorway. Pricing Strategy Our food, drinks, and entertainment options are priced to give us an attractive margin while at the same time offering value to the consumer. We want repeat business. We also want the experience to remain fresh. Therein lies why the food, beverages, will be relatively flexible. A sample menu is showed here:. productpriceproductprice Coffee? 1. 5 per cupNestle Rolo Ice Cream 1 Litre ?4. 0 NestleKit Kat Chunky Bar ? 2 -? 9. 8Nestle Aero Bubbles ?1. 5 Nestle Nesquik Strawberry Powder ?1. 00 – ? 5. 98 Nestle Smarties Hexatube ?2. 5Nestle Yorkie Ice Cream ?3. 5Nestle Quality Street ?3 – ? 4. 5 Some supplemental materials are not available for this sample plan. These prices show that they are all quite close to the RRP. We can afford to sell our products for more than the RRP because we are shops that are on roads and so if people want a chocolate bar they won’t mind about paying a few extra pence. All the prices are within 3p of the RRP so this shows that the shops do actually consider the prices that Nestle is being sold at. The price is similar to other products of similar type. The products satisfy the need for a casual, all-in-one dining and entertainment experience. Promotion StrategyWe will promote our company name and label almost more than the product itself, because to be successful we have to stand for brand-name integrity, excellent menu offerings, and first class entertainment and fun. Therefore, our promotion strategy includes focusing on events and messages that match: ? Our participation in the Chocolate Soul and Funk Jazz Kafe’ special promotions and the Sweet Auburn and spring festivals is important because these are events that bring our target market together. ?We participate in local radio,specifically in traffic broadcasting on the local stations. Public relations programs concentrate on the live traffic broadcasting. ?Advertising placed carefully, in mostly-alternative channels like newspapers, etc. ConclusionNestle is the world’s largest food products company with factories in 69 countries and a truly global marketing strategy. However, Nestle is not complacent about its position; it still means to go forward, developing new policies and initiatives on eco-efficiency, responsible business practice and sustainability. Nestle will also work with national and international bodies to improve sustainability. On the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, Nestle set a target to decrease by half the number of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015: Nestle will share its knowledge with others to help reach this goal. Nestle will continue pursuing good food, good life. How to cite Nestle Marketing, Papers

Lacsap’s Fraction free essay sample

For its external structure, Lacsap’s Fraction is analogous to Pascal’s Triangle. Lacsap’s Fraction presents the way of generating and organizing the binomial coefficients. Within this investigation, the work is planning to be divided into two parts. In the first part, the content will relate to the pattern of numerators. In the second part, I am going to do the research on the patterns of denominator and the general statement for. Admittedly, the technology of computing will be involved into this investigation (E. g. Geogebro and GSP5chs). The following figure 1-1 illustrates Lacsap’s Fraction. Firstly, I am going to research the numerator patterns. By observing the numerators of these fractions, it is illustrated that the first row of numerator is 1, second row of numerator is 3, third row of numerator is 6, fourth row of numerator is 10 and fifth row of numerator is 15. Let’s present it into the mathematical way: (= numerator of the row) Continued I decide to let numerator as the y-axis and nth row as the x-axis. We will write a custom essay sample on Lacsap’s Fraction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Numerator Row number Fig. 2-1 By looking through the diagram (Fig. 2-1), the shape of the curve seem to be similar with the quadratic function curve (See Fig. 2-2) Secondly, let’s assume the relationship between the row number, n, and the numerator in each row is quadratic function. Next step, I am going to prove it. Fig. 2-2 Assuming their relationship is a quadratic function, and then chooses any 3 group of numbers to substitute into the equation. As x-axis represents the number of, y-axis represents the number of numerator. Chosen number group: (1,1), (2,3) and (3,6). I am going to solve it by using Matrix method , by using GC (graphic calculator) () Finally, substituting another group of data into f(x) ensure this function equation pattern expression of numerator is correct. Chosen number group: (6,21) Thus, the pattern expression equation is exact correct and corresponds to the graph it illustrated. Let’s rewrite the equation to. According to the top equation we can directly substitute row number 7 into, the numerator which equals to. * In the part B, it will relate to pattern of the fraction’s denominator. And the pattern of denominator was presented by the general statement of , firstly let be the element in the row, starting with. Take an example first, according to the figure 3-1, the denominator of fourth row of the third number is 6, and we change it into the form which is. Fig. 3-1 In the second step, looking at the denominators in each row, it is illustrated that the second row of denominator is 2, third row is 4, fourth row is 6 and 7, for fifth row of denominator is 15. In order to make it clear, I make a table (= denominator of the row). And this model really plays an important role in this task and provides me a more convenient method to find out the general statement. Within this task, in part B * Variables: the number of row and element number * Constraint:value of denominator Moreover, in the part B the mathematical model of integration by substitution plays a significant role, the general statement is getting through it.